Deep Nasolabial Folds: What Causes Them and How to Treat the Real Problem

The nasolabial fold is a natural part of the face. The line runs from beside the nostril down toward the corner of the mouth and becomes more visible when you smile or talk. Smile lines or laugh lines, as many people call them, don't automatically mean aging skin or anything wrong. It becomes a concern when the fold is obvious even with your face still, casts a deep shadow that makes you look tired, or comes with cheek tissue piling up above it.

So the question isn't just “what do I fill it with?” but “what is making this fold deep?” A fold caused by a receding bony base, lost midface volume, sagging cheek tissue, firmly anchored ligaments or sun-thinned skin each needs a different plan. Filling right along the fold too much, without assessing the cause, can leave the midface looking thick, heavy or unnatural.

This article explains how to spot the cause, the options from skincare through to procedures, their limits and risks, and the signs that shouldn't be treated as a cosmetic issue, so you can use the information to talk to a doctor and set realistic expectations.

Quick summary before you read

• A fold that only shows when you smile is natural structure and movement, and doesn't need treatment.
• A fold you can see when your face is still usually comes from several layers together: bone, fat, ligaments, sagging and skin quality.
• HA filler can add or support volume, but it isn't the only answer, and some faces shouldn't be filled directly along the fold.
• Lifting devices suit faces where sagging is a main component. Results are gradual and generally not equal to surgery.
• Skincare helps with hydration and sun-damaged skin, but can't bring back bone structure or deep volume that's been lost.
• A natural goal is to “soften” the shadow and depth while you can still smile and make expressions. You don't need to erase the fold completely.
• If the corner of your mouth droops, or one side's fold disappears suddenly along with weakness in an arm or leg or slurred speech, call 1669 (Thailand's emergency medical line). Don't wait to consult a cosmetic clinic.

What are nasolabial folds, and how deep is a problem?

The nasolabial fold is the junction between the cheek and the area around the mouth. It results from how skin, fat, fibrous tissue and muscle are arranged and anchored to deeper structures. Anatomical studies show that facial fat isn't one sheet. It's divided into compartments that move and change unevenly as we age [1].

When you smile, the muscles that lift the lip and cheek work, the cheek tissue moves, and the fold shows up more. That's part of expression, not something to be removed entirely. A doctor will pay closer attention when they see features like these:

• The fold casts a clear shadow while your face is at rest
• The upper fold near the nostril is a deep hollow, or the base of the nostril looks sunken
• There's a bulge or pile of tissue above the fold
• The under-eye or midface area has flattened along with sagging cheeks
• Foundation often settles into the fold when you wear makeup
• The two sides differ more than they used to, or have changed unusually fast

How deep the fold is doesn't tell you the treatment by itself. Two people can have equally deep folds, but one lacks volume at the base of the nose while the other has cheek tissue sagging down. Using the same method on both would give very different results.

What causes deep nasolabial folds?

1. Bone structure and the support of the midface

The bones of the midface are the foundation for the tissue above them. Some people naturally have a recessed upper jaw or area beside the nose base, so the fold near the nostril is obvious from a young age. A CT comparison of younger and older people suggested that the lower part of the upper jaw tends to recede with age, which may contribute to more prominent folds [2].

People with bite problems, missing teeth or a changed jaw structure may also feel the area around the mouth looks sunken, or that the fold is more obvious. In that case, it's worth working out whether the main problem is in the skin, or involves teeth and bone, because cosmetic procedures can't correct an abnormal bite.

2. Deep fat loss, with superficial fat drifting downward

“Losing fat” explains only part of it. With age, some fat compartments shrink, so the midface loses support. At the same time, some superficial fat and skin may slide lower and pile up above the fold. What you see is both a hollow below and a bulge above.

That's why filling only along the fold may not be the best choice for everyone. Some people need to support the base or restore volume at the source first, then judge whether the remaining fold needs direct filling.

3. Facial ligaments and individual anatomy

Ligaments and fibrous tissue hold certain areas in position while the tissue around them moves. The junction shows up as a fold. People with strong anchoring points can have folds as teenagers, even with firm skin and full cheeks. It's linked to genetics and face shape, not to “poor skincare”.

4. Sagging skin and cheek tissue

Collagen and elastin decline with age, alongside gravity, fat changes and stretching of tissue, so the cheek drifts down over the fold. People who also have sagging lower cheeks or jawline often don't get the full benefit from filling the fold alone. Assessing how to treat a sagging face means looking at the midface, lower cheeks and jawline together.

5. Skin quality declining with age and sun

Ultraviolet radiation speeds up collagen breakdown. Thin, dry or finely lined skin makes the crease look sharper. A randomized trial following people for 4.5 years found that those who used sunscreen regularly showed less increase in signs of skin aging than those who used it at their discretion [10]. Sunscreen slows the decline, though. It doesn't lift cheek tissue or replace deep volume that has been lost.

6. Facial expression

Smiling, laughing and talking naturally make the fold show up. Repeated movement, combined with thinner skin and less underlying support, can make the line stay visible over time. But that doesn't mean you should avoid smiling. Treatment should aim to preserve facial movement.

7. Rapid weight change, smoking and lifestyle factors

Losing a lot of weight, or losing it quickly, can reduce facial volume and make skin look looser. Smoking and accumulated sun exposure are linked to premature skin aging. Sleeping on your side may make temporary creases more visible in some people, but it isn't the main explanation for structurally deep folds, so no pillow or sleeping position should be sold as a permanent fix.

Deep nasolabial folds at a young age: is it just aging?

Not necessarily. Young people can have prominent folds because of bone shape, the base of the nostril, skin anchoring points, cheek thickness or genetics. If the fold has been there since you were young and shows mostly when you smile, while your skin overall is still firm, it's usually a feature of your face rather than age-related decline.

What to ask before deciding on a procedure is whether the fold really bothers you when your face is still, or whether you're only worried about certain angles with light from above. Shadows, lighting and close-up cameras can make the fold look very different from what others see in real life.

Why is one nasolabial fold deeper than the other?

No face is perfectly symmetrical. One fold may be deeper because of bone structure, bite, cheek volume, chewing mostly on one side, old scars or differences in muscle movement. A good treatment plan doesn't necessarily use equal amounts on both sides.

But if the difference appears suddenly, especially with a drooping mouth corner, a crooked smile, weakness or numbness in an arm or leg, or slurred speech, a neurological condition has to be considered first. Thailand's Department of Disease Control recommends the F.A.S.T. rule and getting to a hospital as soon as possible [9]. Don't wait for a procedure appointment or try massaging the face.

A first check: which layer might your fold come from?

This table is for preparing questions, not for diagnosing yourself. A doctor needs to assess you at rest, smiling and talking, from the front and from the side, and feel the actual tissue.

What you notice	Main cause to assess	Approach often considered
Deep fold near the nostril since you were young	Bony base or base of the nostril; skin anchoring points	Assess deep support, or limited filling
Flat midface, hollow under the eyes, sunken-looking cheeks	Loss of deep volume	Restore midface support in stages, rather than chasing the whole fold
Tissue piled above the fold, sagging lower cheeks or jawline	Tissue that has drifted down	Lifting devices, threads or surgery depending on the degree of sagging, perhaps with some filler
Thin, dry skin with fine lines and sun spots	Skin quality / photoaging	Sunscreen, evidence-based skincare, lasers or skin-quality procedures where indicated
Only visible when smiling, almost no shadow when still	A natural dynamic fold	May need no treatment. Focus on keeping expression and a natural look
More obvious after major weight loss	Volume loss plus loose skin	Assess once weight is stable, then choose filling, support or lifting according to what is involved
Fold and mouth corner change suddenly on one side	Possibly neurological, not cosmetic	Emergency assessment, especially with F.A.S.T. signs

Nasolabial folds, marionette lines and perioral lines aren't the same spot

The nasolabial fold runs from beside the nose to the corner of the mouth. Marionette lines start at the corner of the mouth and run down toward the chin. Perioral lines are fine lines around the lips. Each location has different muscle forces, bone support and blood vessels. Lumping them together as “lines beside the mouth” can lead to treating the wrong spot, so a doctor should name the location and the cause before offering a package.

How to treat deep nasolabial folds: match the method to the cause

1. Skincare and lifestyle changes

Best for prevention and for caring for shallow lines. It doesn't replace lost volume.

• Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen regularly, and avoid strong sun when you can.
• Use a moisturizer to reduce dryness, which makes fine lines look softer for a while.
• Consider a retinoid or other active ingredients with a doctor if you have sun-related skin concerns, starting gently to limit irritation.
• Quit smoking, rest well and eat a balanced diet.
• Keep your weight stable before assessing long-term procedures.

A cream can't lift a fat pad or rebuild collapsed bone. Being clear about that limit helps you avoid spending money on products that promise to “erase deep folds permanently”.

2. Hyaluronic acid filler: filling the fold or supporting the source

HA filler is a dissolvable filling material used to add volume and support tissue. A randomized study in people with moderate to severe nasolabial folds found improvement on the severity scale in most participants at 6 months, and some comparative studies followed results for up to 12 months [5,6]. These figures belong to those products and studies. They aren't a guarantee for every brand or every person.

There are two key approaches:

1. Filling directly in the fold. Suits a localized hollow with no heavy tissue above it. The doctor chooses the layer and amount according to anatomy.
2. Supporting the source. For example, the base around the nostril or the midface in someone who lacks support, then reassessing the remaining fold. This can reduce how much needs to be placed along the line.

Not everyone needs the cheeks filled first, and not everyone should have the fold filled directly. A fixed formula can leave a face wider or heavier than intended. For the basics on types of material, results and risks, read what filler is and what to know before injecting.

What to expect: you'll see some change right away, but swelling and bruising are possible. The shape settles once the swelling goes down. How long it lasts depends on the product, area, amount, movement and each person's biology. It's generally a matter of several months, and no one should promise the same number of months for everybody.

Limits: filler doesn't stop aging, can't lift tissue as much as surgery, and over-filling to erase every millimeter of the fold can leave unnatural proportions.

3. Lifting with ultrasound or radiofrequency devices

If the fold is obvious mainly because the cheek is sagging, a device that heats tissue in a controlled way may help skin tighten and lift slightly to moderately. Results usually show gradually as collagen adapts. It isn't an instant fill. A professional dermatology body notes that non-surgical lifting usually gives modest results and doesn't equal surgery [7].

Options on the Vanish Clinic website include Ultraformer III for ultrasound energy, and radiofrequency options such as Thermage FLX or Oligio. But the device name shouldn't come before diagnosis. The doctor has to consider fat thickness, how much sagging there is, face shape, and the risk of making the face look hollow or losing too much volume.

4. Collagen-stimulating and skin-quality procedures

Biostimulators, skin boosters, lasers and some skin-stimulating procedures may help with thin skin, fine lines, elasticity or texture. Results are gradual and need planning as a course, depending on the product. Their strength is skin quality. They shouldn't be described as equal to filling deep volume or lifting heavily sagging cheeks.

If this group interests you, read up on what a biostimulator is, and ask clearly what substance is being offered, which layer it's injected into, what registration or indication it has, and what the plan is if lumps or inflammation develop.

5. Thread lifts

Thread lifts use barbed threads to support tissue. They suit mild to moderate sagging in people who accept a temporary result. The lift is generally fine, at the millimeter level, not equal to surgery, and doesn't fix missing volume. Side effects to know about include swelling, bruising, pain, dimpling or waviness of the skin, palpable threads, threads showing through, infection and asymmetry. The American Society of Plastic Surgeons lists these risks and stresses setting expectations appropriately [8].

6. Facelift or midface lift surgery

For people with clear tissue laxity, dropped cheeks, a sagging jawline or a lot of excess skin, surgery can deal with the tissue layers more directly than non-surgical procedures. But it involves incisions, recovery time, anesthesia risk, bleeding, infection, scarring and the specific risks of surgery, so it needs assessment by a suitable plastic surgeon.

Surgery may soften the fold, but it doesn't stop aging, and some people still need volume restoration or skin-quality treatment alongside it. For an overview of options, see our guide to facial lifting methods.

7. Botulinum toxin isn't the main treatment for nasolabial folds

Nasolabial folds don't come from the same kind of muscle contraction as forehead lines. Reducing muscle activity around the mouth too much can affect your smile, speech and lip use, so “Botox for nasolabial folds” shouldn't be chosen just from a program name. If there is a specific indication, the doctor must clearly explain the target muscle, the expected effect and the risks to your facial expression.

8. Lasers and peels

Resurfacing lasers, fractional lasers and peels help with shallow lines and some skin-quality issues, but they don't fill deep hollows or lift fat that has shifted down. Results, and the risk of post-inflammatory dark marks, depend on the laser type, skin tone, energy used and aftercare. They should be used when skin is part of the problem, not described as correcting a structural fold entirely.

Comparing ways to treat nasolabial folds

Method	Best when	Starts to show	Strength	Key limits and risks
Sunscreen, moisturizer, retinoids as indicated	Shallow lines, dry skin, sun-affected skin	Weeks to months	Supports skin health and slows decline	Doesn't restore volume or lift deep tissue; can irritate
HA filler	Hollows from lost support or volume	Some change right away; assess once swelling settles	Targeted fill and support; the plan can be staged	Swelling, bruising, lumps, asymmetry, infection, and rare but serious vascular blockage
Ultrasound / RF lifting	Mild to moderate sagging	Gradual, over weeks to months	No filler material; minimal downtime in many techniques	Lift is usually less than surgery; pain, swelling, burns or fat-layer changes if used wrongly
Biostimulator / skin treatment	Thin skin, reduced skin quality, collagen decline	Gradual	Works on overall skin quality	Doesn't erase the fold right away; lumps or inflammation depending on the substance
Thread lift	Mild to moderate cheek sagging	Partly right away, then continues to change	Gives support without major surgery	Temporary; dimpling, palpable or visible threads, infection, asymmetry
Facelift / midface lift	Marked sagging, clear excess skin	After swelling and wounds heal	Deals with deep tissue more clearly	Surgery, recovery and higher risk than non-surgical options

Can you combine several treatments?

Yes, when each one has a clear job. A sensible plan usually goes from the main problem to the secondary ones, for example:

1. Assess the bony base, bite, volume and sagging across the whole face
2. Fix the support or sagging that is the real cause, rather than chasing every shadow with filler
3. Wait for the swelling to settle, then reassess at rest and when smiling
4. Fill only the parts that are still hollow, if needed
5. Keep up skin quality and sun protection

You don't need to do everything on one day. Splitting treatment into stages lets you see how much fixing the cause improved the fold, and lowers the chance of overtreating.

Is nasolabial fold filler dangerous?

Filler is a medical procedure, not an ordinary beauty service. The nasolabial area has branches of the facial artery and many connecting vessels. A cadaver study in Thai specimens found several vessels close to injection sites here, with variation between individuals [3]. Ultrasound studies in living people also show that no layer is entirely risk-free for everyone.

Common side effects are swelling, redness, pain, tenderness, bruising and temporary asymmetry. Less common ones include infection, inflamed lumps, product lumps, migration, or delayed reactions after injection.

The serious complication that needs explaining before treatment is injection into, or compression of, a blood vessel, which can starve tissue of blood. It can lead to skin death, abnormal vision, blindness or stroke. It's uncommon, but the US FDA names it as the most concerning risk of dermal filler [4].

Using a blunt cannula doesn't bring the risk to zero, and neither does pulling back on the syringe before injecting, which is not a test that guarantees safety. What matters is that the doctor understands anatomy, uses a verifiable product, injects carefully, and has an emergency plan ready to act immediately.

Symptoms after injection that need the clinic right away, or the emergency room

Don't wait and see if you have any of these during or shortly after an injection:

• Severe pain, or pain different from what the doctor described
• Skin that turns white, gray, blue or net-like mottled, or a color that's getting worse
• Blurred or double vision, loss of sight, eye pain or sudden drooping eyelid
• A crooked face, slurred speech, weakness in an arm or leg, unsteadiness or sudden severe headache
• Difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or throat, or hives over the body

The FDA advises getting treatment right away for unusual pain, vision changes, or skin near the injection turning white, gray or blue [4]. In Thailand, call 1669 for an emergency and say you have symptoms after a filler injection, with the time and place of the injection.

Who should wait, or be assessed more carefully first?

• Inflamed acne, wounds, cold sores, rashes or infection near the treatment area
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding or planning a pregnancy, since it's an elective procedure and safety data is limited
• A history of severe allergy, allergy to a product's ingredients or to local anesthetic
• A bleeding disorder, or use of antiplatelet drugs, anticoagulants or several supplements. Tell your doctor, and never stop prescribed medication yourself
• An immune condition, a poorly controlled chronic condition or immunosuppressive medication
• Past permanent filler, liquid silicone or an unknown product in the midface
• Recent dental work, an oral infection or planned surgery. Tell your doctor so the timing can be worked out case by case
• Expecting the fold to disappear permanently, or distress about your appearance that's out of proportion to what's actually found

What should you ask the doctor before treatment?

1. How much of my fold comes from bone, volume, sagging or skin quality?
2. Why fill the fold directly, support the source, use a device or combine methods?
3. What product is it, which model, and does it have a Thai label, a registration number and a box I can check?
4. How much is planned, and why? The number of cc shouldn't be the measure of a good result.
5. What level of result is realistic on my face, and which parts will probably remain?
6. What are the common side effects and emergencies, and what equipment, medication and after-hours contact does the clinic have?
7. If I don't do it today, is there a watch-and-wait option, or a gentler place to start?

Preparing and aftercare without the myths

Before treatment, tell the doctor about every health condition, every medication, supplements, allergies, dental history and all previous procedures. Don't stop blood thinners or other prescribed medication on your own just to bruise less, because the risk of stopping can be worse than the bruise.

Afterward, follow the specific advice from your doctor and the product. Avoid pressing, massaging or trying to push the filler around yourself unless the doctor tells you to. Apply cold compresses as the clinic advises, keep the area clean, and watch skin color, pain and vision. Mild swelling and bruising are common, but if pain worsens, skin color looks abnormal or there are eye symptoms, get in touch immediately.

How long do results last, and do nasolabial folds go away permanently?

No method permanently stops aging. HA filler is gradually broken down, and results may last from several months to more than a year, depending on the product and area. Some studies found many responders still improved at 12 months [6], but figures from one product shouldn't be used to promise another.

Lifting devices work gradually and fade over time. Threads are temporary. Surgery usually lasts longer, but the face still changes with age. What you should expect is a softer fold, better balanced proportions and a more rested look. You shouldn't expect a smooth, fold-free face for life.

Doctor Insight

The principle in assessing nasolabial folds is to look at the whole face, at rest and smiling, and not judge from the single line of the fold. If the cheek tissue above is heavy, filling heavily along the fold can make the midface look fuller without relieving the pressure from above. A sensible plan may start by supporting the structure or treating sagging, then fill only where something is still missing. The aim is to soften the shadow while keeping each person's expression and proportions.

Nasolabial folds: frequently asked questions

Can deep nasolabial folds go away on their own?

Folds that look strong because of dryness or weight change may look better once the skin is hydrated or your weight settles. But folds from bone, volume and sagging usually don't fully go away on their own. A small change doesn't mean you must have a procedure.

Do face massage, face yoga or gua sha help nasolabial folds?

They may feel relaxing, reduce swelling for a while, or bring a bit more blood flow to the skin. But there's no reason to expect them to build bone, replace deep fat or permanently lift tissue. Vigorous massage after filler can be harmful, so follow your doctor's instructions.

How much can creams for nasolabial folds do?

Moisturizer plumps the skin with water so fine lines look softer. Sunscreen and retinoids, used as indicated, may help sun-damaged skin over the long term. But creams can't fix a structurally deep fold.

How many cc of filler do nasolabial folds need?

There's no single number for everyone. The amount depends on both sides, depth, location, midface volume, the product and your goals. Starting modestly and booking a reassessment tends to protect proportions better than aiming for someone else's cc number.

Will filling the fold make my face swollen, droopy or heavier?

Some swelling is normal early on. Long-term heaviness relates to where it's placed, the product and the amount. If there's already a lot of tissue piled above the fold, packing a large amount into a superficial layer can make it look thicker, so the cause has to be separated out first.

Can nasolabial filler be dissolved?

Many HA fillers can be broken down with the enzyme hyaluronidase, but dissolving is a medical procedure with its own risks, and may not be complete in one session. Permanent fillers and non-HA substances can't be dissolved with this enzyme.

HIFU or filler: which should I choose?

HIFU and other lifting energy suit faces where sagging is the main factor. Filler suits faces that lack volume or support. Many people have both causes, but that doesn't mean you must do both. A doctor should sequence and space them according to the plan.

Thread lift or filler: which looks more natural?

How natural it looks depends on the indication and the skill of the doctor, not the name of the procedure. Threads give temporary support, and filler adds volume. Used for the wrong cause, either can look unnatural.

Can Botox treat nasolabial folds?

Generally it isn't the main treatment, because nasolabial folds relate more to structure and volume than to muscle alone. Weakening the muscles around the mouth inappropriately can affect your smile and lip use.

Can deep nasolabial folds be treated without injections?

Partly, when the main issue is skin quality or mild sagging, for instance with skincare, lasers or lifting devices. But when a lot of deep volume is missing, non-injectable methods usually can't match the effect of restoring volume, and if sagging is significant, surgery gives a clearer result than devices.

How can I stop nasolabial folds getting deeper so quickly?

Use sunscreen consistently, stop smoking, keep your weight stable, look after chronic conditions and oral health, and avoid unnecessary procedures. These slow some contributing factors, but they can't stop genetics and age-related change altogether.

What age should I start treating them?

There's no minimum age to treat “just in case”. Treatment should start when there's a concern that's actually been found, you understand the limits, and the benefits outweigh the risks. Don't decide by age or by a trend.

How to choose a clinic for nasolabial folds

Choose a licensed facility where a doctor assesses you and does the procedure, can explain which layer your fold comes from, shows you the product and label to check, doesn't push cc volumes, takes standard photos beforehand and has a way to handle complications afterward. Looking at the Vanish Clinic doctors' profiles should go together with checking their medical license in the Medical Council database.

A good consultation includes a “not yet” option. If the fold only shows when you smile, or the likely result isn't worth the risk, the doctor should be able to explain that and give you time to decide.

Summary: treat the cause, don't chase the line

A deep nasolabial fold is the sum of bone structure, fat, ligaments, sagging, skin quality and movement, so there's no single treatment formula. Filler suits filling or support, lifting devices suit certain degrees of sagging, skin procedures help shallow lines, and surgery suits clear sagging. A reasonable goal is a balanced face with softer shadows, without a stiff smile or a heavy midface.

To get assessed, take front and side photos at rest and smiling, and bring your history of past procedures and a list of your medications, so the doctor can plan from your actual face instead of picking a package by name.

Medical disclaimer

This article is general information. It does not replace an examination, diagnosis or personal advice. Results and risks vary with anatomy, health conditions, the product, the device and who performs the procedure. For an emergency such as vision changes, unusually pale or dark skin, severe pain, a crooked face, weakness in an arm or leg or slurred speech, go to a hospital or call 1669 immediately.

References

Rohrich RJ, Pessa JE. The fat compartments of the face: anatomy and clinical implications for cosmetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17519724/

Pessa JE, et al. Relative maxillary retrusion as a natural consequence of aging: combining skeletal and soft-tissue changes into an integrated model of midfacial aging. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9655429/

Jitaree B, et al. Clinical implications of the arterial supplies and their anastomotic territories in the nasolabial region for avoiding arterial complications during soft tissue filler injection. Clin Anat. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32372520/

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Dermal Fillers (Soft Tissue Fillers). https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/aesthetic-cosmetic-devices/dermal-fillers-soft-tissue-fillers

Monheit G, et al. Safety and Effectiveness of the Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler VYC-17.5L for Nasolabial Folds: Results of a Randomized, Controlled Study. Dermatol Surg. 2018. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29701621/

Prager W, et al. A prospective, split-face, randomized, comparative study of safety and 12-month longevity of three formulations of hyaluronic acid dermal filler for treatment of nasolabial folds. Dermatol Surg. 2012. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22759250/

American Academy of Dermatology. Many ways to firm sagging skin. https://www.aad.org/public/cosmetic/younger-looking/firm-sagging-skin

American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Thread Lift Risks and Safety and Facelift Surgery. https://www.plasticsurgery.org/cosmetic-procedures/thread-lift/safety and https://www.plasticsurgery.org/cosmetic-procedures/facelift

Department of Disease Control (Thailand). Stroke warning signs: F.A.S.T. https://ddc.moph.go.th/odpc5/news.php?deptcode=odpc5&news=35415

Hughes MCB, et al. Sunscreen and prevention of skin aging: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2013. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23732711/